四分院
Split Courtyard House

四分院是

一個北京歷史保護區城市更新的實驗項目，
一個傳統居住類型的轉化，
一種對現代生活模式的應變，
一場尺度和建造的實驗……

• 場地

場地位于白塔寺旁邊的胡同片區之中，屬于北京城區內三十三片文化保護區之一（阜成門內大街片區）。單層的四合院和狹窄的胡同構成了現狀良好的歷史城市結構。這里有北京胡同區的典型意象：灰磚覆蓋的坡屋頂、綠樹、白鴿、空中的電線、吱悠的自行車和步調緩慢的胡同生活。一路之隔，場地的南邊是高密度的金融街，現代高層辦公樓和酒店在過去的二十年里覆蓋了那里曾經存在的胡同。現代與古老，富有與貧窮，垂直和水平之間的強烈對比構成了當代北京的一種特征。本項目是這片區域城市更新的起始，功能設定為合租公寓，可以被四個工作在附近的年輕人共享。

• 概念

傳統四合院里位于中間的院子是當之無愧的中心，所有的房間都朝向它。這種空間布局對應著傳統的家庭生活，不再契合今天青年人的個人生活模式。個人生活的核心是私密性，所以我們的想法是將場地分為四組空間，每組包含一個房間和一個私人小院，它們各自朝向不同的方向，最終共同構成一個風車狀布局。通過這種方式，每個房間和院子的私密性都得到保護。對比于傳統四合院，本項目以四分院命名。從“合”到“分”的變化揭示出社會結構和生活模式在住宅中的轉變。

• 空間

傳統四合院先進入院子再進入房間，意味著院子是公共的，房間是私密的。在四分院里，順序則是先房間后院子，院子成為最私密的地方。空間序列的轉變對應集體生活到個人生活的轉變。然而沒有改變的是，院子始終是生活的核心，這順應著中國人在生活中對自然的熱愛。

院子雖小卻十分重要，它建立起人與自然的親密關系。根據每個院子的具體尺寸和中國傳統審美，兩棵杏樹和兩棵棗樹被挑選出植于其間。在房間內部，床被抬高到閣樓空間，由此讓地面空間能夠承載起居和洗漱的功能。面向天空的天窗和面向院子的通高玻璃將自然光引入室內，與自然保持聯系，營造出安靜內向的氛圍。四組空間在中心的交匯處是一個烹飪和交談的共享空間。它與每個庭院之間都留有一個半透明的小窗，四個小窗擁有四種不同的傳統樣式，庭院里的樹會把生動的影子投擲其上。

• 形式

四分院是從傳統四合院類型轉變而來，成為胡同肌理中一種新的單層院落住宅類型。它的外部是歷史風貌的組成部分，因而繼承灰瓦覆蓋的坡屋頂和灰磚或抹灰覆蓋的墻壁。內部的材料則完全是現代的，白墻和木地面為現代生活提供了簡潔而明亮的背景。

• 建造

胡同對建造構成了多種限制，如狹窄的場地（10米見方）、交通、噪音等等。四分院以預制輕質墻板體系縮短現場建造的時間，盡量降低其對鄰居的影響。同時，這種結構體系能夠減小墻壁的厚度，以此節省出更多的使用空間。

尺度小巧卻功能齊全，氛圍親密卻向自然開放，現代生活卻具有傳統審美，四分院在北京舊城高密度歷史肌理中提供了一種生活的可能。

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Split Courtyard House is,?

a key project of urban regeneration of historic area in Beijing,
a transformation of traditional typology,
an adaptation to new life style,
and an experiment on scale and construction…

• Site

The site is located in the historic Hutong area near White Pagoda Temple (Baitasi, built in 1279AD), one of 33 conservation districts of history and culture in Peking’s historic city area. Single story courtyard houses (Siheyuan) and narrow alleys (Hutong) form the historic urban structure which is well preserved. Pitched roof buildings covered with grey tiles and bricks, trees, pigeons, electric lines in the air, bicycles, slow paced Hutong life, all these create the typical image of famous Beijing Hutong area.?To the south of this area, is the high density Financial Street District, a compound of modern high-rise office buildings and hotels, developed in past twenty years on the site used to be Hutong. Such contrast between modern and old, rich and poor, vertical and horizontal is the typical image of contemporary Beijing.?The project is the launching project of urban regeneration plan of this area. The program is a rental house, which can be shared by 4 young people working in this area.

• Concept

In traditional courtyard house (Siheyuan), the central courtyard is the center of house and all rooms face the yard. Such spatial layout is responding to traditional family living, no longer suit for today’s young individual life style. The core need of individual living is privacy. So our idea is to divide the site into four sets of spaces, each with a room and a private small yard. With each set facing a different orientation, they form a pinwheel configuration on layout. In such way, privacy for each room and yard is ensured. In contrast to traditional courtyard house, this house is named split courtyard house(Sifenyuan四分院). In Chinese, the change from合(Unity) to分(Split) suggests the transformation of social structure and life style in the house.?

• Space

The spatial sequence is carefully considered. In tradition, courtyard is entered at first and room second, meaning courtyard is public and room is private. In Split Courtyard House, the sequence is from room to yard, meaning yard is the most private place. This is responding to the change from collective living to individual living. What is not changed is that yard is always with the living core, which conforms to the Chinese keen of nature in living.

The yard is small but of great significance for the life in here, as it forms an intimate relationship between man and nature. Two apricot trees and two date trees are carefully chosen for four yards, concerning the specific scale of each yard and the traditional Chinese aesthetics.?In each room, the bed is lifted into attic space to free the ground space for living and bathroom. The skylight and full height glazing facing the yard bring in natural light and make contact to nature, offering a quiet and introverted atmosphere.?The central join of the four individual units is turned into shared living space for dining and chatting. A window is opened between the shared living space and each yard, with translucent glass protecting privacy. Each window acquires a unique traditional shape and the tree planted near to it in the yard may cast vivid shadows on it.

• Form

Transformed from traditional courtyard house typology, Split Courtyard House is a new type of single story courtyard house inserted into Hutong context. Its external surfaces are constituent parts of the local context, so it inherits pitched roof covered with grey tiles and walls covered with grey bricks or plaster. The inside materials are completely modern. White wall and wooden floor bring in a simple and bright background for modern living.?

• Construction

Adapting to limitation of construction condition in Hutong, such as compact site (10m x 10m), transportation, noise etc, the house is constructed with prefabricated lightweight wall panel system, to shorten the onsite work period and minimize the impact to neighbors. With this system, we also try to minimize the wall thickness in order to save more space.

Small yet functional, intimate yet open to nature, a modern living style yet with attachment to Chinese traditional aesthetics, is what split patio house offers to urban individuals in high density historical context of Beijing's old city.

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